One of the very oldest theory that is still becoming the basic knowledge in Biology is evolution. There were so many theories coming from the biggest scientist. Darwin with the natural selection, a mechanism by which evolutionary change cloud occur, Mendel, the father of genetics with modern evolutionary synthesis and also Jay Gould with the mutation of segments of DNA. There were so many evidences that they have found, from morphological evidence, molecular evidence until theoretical evidence with the morphological similarities in the Homonidae family. In many centuries, evolution theories have been trusted as the mother of phylogenetic tree of life, the tree that shows the evolutionary history of the three domains of life, bacteria, and eukaryotes. But nowadays, many scientists have proved that evolution is one of the wrong theory that had ever been made. Now, we will try to research, is the evolution a fact or just a fiction? Evolution, the changing heritable traits of population through natural selection, development molecular genetics, morphological differentiate and physiographic changing.
There are so many theories of evolution, the best well known is the natural selection derived by Charles Darwin. The transmutation was accepted by many scientists before 1859, but Charles Darwin’s on The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection provided the first convincing exposition of a mechanism by which evolutionary change could occur; natural selection. The theory was explaining about the changing of the species by a kind of selection so that the survivors of the species were the best species that winning by selection. After many years of working, Darwin was motivated to publish his work on evolution when he received a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace, the man who supported his new theory. The publication of Darwin 's book made a great social debate to many scientists. Other theory came from Gregory Mendel; he worked in inheritance of traits in pea plants laid the foundation for genetics. In 1930’s and 1940’s he synthesized Darwinian evolution with genetics, creating the modern evolutionary synthesis, the evolution that based on the mutation of molecular genes. Completing the theory based on Gregory Mendel, Stephen Jay Gould identified DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as the “transforming principle”, the molecular that was responsible for every changing of the structure in a species.
The scientists have found the evidences that evolution happened and that's true. The first evidence was the morphological evidence. Fossils are critical evidence; the fossil of coelacanth from 520 million years ago shows us that it has undeveloped legs in their vestigial. They have made a conclusion that coelacanth was one of the transfer species, the meanwhile species between fish to become a mammal. Second, molecular evidence is also one of the significant proofs of the evolutions. The scientists have classified some group of species by the comparison of their DNA, the sequence similarity. They have made a statement that our ancient ancestors came from the ancient family of apes which were evolving. It was because the scientists have found the similarity of our DNA with the family of apes. We have only differences about 1.2% from chimpanzee, 1.6% different from gorillas and 6.6% from baboons. They still believed that evolution happened because of the changing and the improvement of the molecular substantial, and they have thought that we were the truly example as human evolutionary. The last is theoretical evidence; this evidence is based on the theory. Mathematical Models of evolution based on the fossil that they have found, they classified the fossil and arranged them with their similarity, after that they stuck them. They found that almost every species in the world were descended from common ancestors. Begin with the ancient ancestors as the pioneer until us, the modern and the developed species. This evidence is the closest evidence with the reality, because it combines the morphological evidence with the molecular evidence.
Evolution has it's mechanism itself. There are several mechanisms of evolution and how the evolution happens. Mutation, the deviation of molecular substantial by the copy errors has caused the new genetics variation and the impact is the different of morphological forms. Selection and adaptation just made only the superior species who survived. In the selection and adaptation, there are two kinds of basics selection; ecological selection that occurs when the survivor species can survive in a new safe ecology and make a new community and the sexual selection that occurs when the survivor selection breeds its species and makes a new community too.
In asexual organism, variants in genes have made the different organism. Although the first difference is just only in their chromosome but after some millions years, its can make a crucial different in the morphological form. Gene flow/ the migration and population structure have made a great deal of evolution. This is the exchange of genetics variation between populations, when geography and culture were not obstacles. When there were an isolated species, they would become more speciation among other species that have been migrated. We can see the fact in the Madagascar Island which has the most different species among other islands around the word. Genetics drift describes changes in allele frequency in DNA from one generation to other generation. Although it happened through some millions years, the effect of an allele was quite dominant, changing the ancient species to modern species. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the transfer’s genetic materials, was almost the same as a drift, but in the HGT, the changes happened not in the offspring species. HGT has been shown in bacterial populations and also has been a major mechanism for prokaryotic and eukaryotic evolution.
The last are speciation and extinction. Speciation is the process by which new biological species arise. Allopatric speciation occurs in populations that become isolated geographically, such as by migration. Sympatric speciation occurs when new species emerge in the same geographic area. Extinction, the disappearance of one kind of species, the moment of extinction generally occurs at the death of the last individual of that species so that no more species like that can be founded in the surface of the world. The most severe extinction ever was the extinction in the Permian-Triassic age. These phenomena rendering extinct 90% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrata species, it caused the extinction of dinosaur’s species from the world. Many scientists are still confused even how the dinosaur’s species can extinct from the world. Some scientists concluded that it was caused by one giant comet that made the surface of the world became colder so that they couldn’t survive for live. And some others concluded that it was by the biggest volcano eruption with caused the same condition, it happened by the dust of the volcano which covered the atmosphere of the world when the sun lights couldn’t go into earth.
Nowadays, many scientists believe that evolution doesn’t ever exist. They believe evolution is just a big lying coming from the biggest thinker. They have some new evidences that evolution never happened. First, the mistakes of evolutionary theories, if evolution truly happened, we could find so many fossils of transfer species. But none of the fossils of transfer species could ever be found. Coelacanth is just some different species of fish, the undeveloped legs is just sensitive bone, not the leg, as the scientists said before. Evolution is only a fiction, an old concept and a mite without any purposes that was created in the 19th century. There are big differences between the evolution and the devolution. Scientists now believe that the true concept is devolution, the changes of species by the extinction of another species. It happened not because of the selection and adaptation but it happened because of one big power, the God Allah the Mighty. It’s because, none of every species in the world that was created without perfection. Everything is settling up in the best condition without any deformity or unnecessary false.
In summary, I think that evolution doesn’t exist anymore and the evolution theory is just a fiction, a mite that can’t be proved in a right way. All of the creatures and the species in the world are made by the God, Allah the mighty. With the devolution, the changing of species sometimes happened with unknown ways. We can conclude that evolution, the changing heritable traits of population through natural selection, development molecular genetics, morphological differentiate and physiographic changing are not true.
Retirement is generally understood to be the time when people stop working and start collecting a pension (Murray Gendell 2001). The point in time at which a worker decides to withdraw from the labor force is determined by a number of factors. Some factors are personal and others are regulatory. Personal factors contain the worker's health, family situation, and personal aspirations. While regulatory factors contain the condition and prerequisite of normal retirement age in public and private pension plans (Monthly Labor Review, October 2001).
Second you have to deem about your fund when you stop working. You must consider your savings in order to support your daily need to continue your life. You must calculate your income and your expense since you’re no longer working and your income just come only from social securities.
